Great Eastern Railway
The Great Eastern Railway (GER) acquired Parliamentary powers to operate steamers from Harwich in 1863, some nine years after its line had reached the port. In fact, it had become a ship-owner in the previous year through its acquisition of the Eastern Counties Railway Company, which operated ferries on the Orwell and Stour in succession to the Ipswich Steam Navigation Company. These services were to continue into LNER days. While the improvement and extension of services from Harwich, for the benefit of the railway, became the central role of GER shipping, it is worth mentioning two diversions into ferry services on the Thames.
Between January 1866 and November 1902, the GER leased the London and Blackwall Railway which operated a connecting ferry service from Blackwall to Greenwich, ceasing only on the opening of the Blackwall Tunnel. From 1868, they also took over the working of the Woolwich Ferry which continued until 1908, the Free Ferry having been then established by London County Council.
Returning to Harwich, the main objective of the GER was to use its position to offer services to Continental ports east of those served by the Channel Ports, principally Rotterdam and Antwerp. It began in October 1863 with chartered vessels running cattle and general cargo to the Dutch port, the first vessels built for the GER being the trio ZEALOUS, HARWICH and ROTTERDAM in 1864. A service to Antwerp began in July 1882, consequent on the opening of the St. Gotthard rail tunnel which opened up new passenger and cargo trade through to Italian cities.
Of the early vessels which did not survive to the 1923 grouping, four are perhaps worth mentioning. The paddle steamer RICHARD YOUNG of 1871 became the first vessel to enter the New Waterway on its inauguration on 9 March 1872. On a sadder note, the fine steamer BERLIN of 1894 was tragically wrecked on the northern pier while entering the New Waterway in a north-westerly gale on 21 February 1907, only 15 lives being saved and 128 lost in the worst peacetime disaster so far on the North Sea routes. On 29 September 1913, DRESDEN sailed from Antwerp for her overnight run to Harwich, carrying Dr. Rudolf Diesel of engine fame, who was missing on arrival and whose body was recovered off the Dutch coast some months later. Lastly, BRUSSELS under Captain Fryatt warded off a U-boat attack by trying to ram the aggressor in March 1915, and after subsequently being captured with his ship off Hoek van Holland in June 1916 the German authorities tried and executed the unfortunate Captain, causing widespread international condemnation.
Changes of terminals occurred in 1883 when Parkeston Quay replaced the Harwich town berths, and from 1893 when a new terminal at Hoek van Holland allowed the gradual transfer of services from central Rotterdam. An overnight service to Hoek began in the same year, allowing a passenger to leave London in the early evening and reach as far as Berlin by the next night. The mail contract to the Netherlands was won in 1899, in place of the Zeeland Company's Queenborough to Vlissingen route. This Dutch company relocated to Parkeston Quay in 1927, permitting a joint service day and night to the Hoek.
The shipping operations of the LNER in succession to the GER therefore comprised the Antwerp and Hoek van Holland services, in the 1920's a seasonal service to Zeebrugge, a ferry between Shotley, Harwich and Felixstowe and summer excursion sailings between Harwich, Felixstowe and Ipswich and from Lowestoft. The excursion sailings ceased from 1931 and the Antwerp service from January 1951, having been served post-war by the ex-GCR steamers ACCRINGTON and DEWSBURY.
'Out of service' refers to the year the ship left railway operated services with the LNER or BR. In many cases, the ships were sold to new owners or entered service with the Admiralty.
Harwich & Lowestoft
The following were operated by the GER and entered service with the LNER:
| Name | Type | In Service | Out of Service |
| Despatch | Paddle steamer | 1878 | 1930 |
| Amsterdam | Passenger | 1894 | 1928 |
| Vienna / Roulers | Passenger | 1894 | 1930 |
| Suffolk | Paddle steamer | 1895 | 1931 |
| Norfolk | Paddle steamer | 1900 | 1931 |
| Cromer | Cargo | 1902 | 1934 |
| Munich / St. Denis | Passenger | 1908 | 1940 |
| St. Petersburg / Archangel | Passenger | 1910 | 1941 |
| Pin Mill | Motor ferry | 1912 | ?? |
| Epping | Motor ferry | 1914 | 1964 |
| Hainault | Motor ferry | 1914 | 1964 |
| Kilkenny / Frinton | Passenger / cargo | 1917 | 1927 |
| Felixstowe | Cargo | 1918 | 1951 |
| St. George | Passenger | 1919 | 1929 |
| Antwerp | Passenger | 1920 | 1940 |
| Bruges | Passenger | 1921 | 1940 |
| Malines | Passenger | 1921 | 1940 |
The following were built for the LNER:
| Name | Type | In Service | Out of Service |
| Brightlingsea | Motor ferry | 1925 | 1964 |
| Sheringham | Cargo | 1926 | 1958 |
| Vienna | Passenger | 1929 | 1941 |
| Prague | Passenger | 1930 | 1948 |
| Amsterdam | Passenger | 1930 | 1944 |
| Arnhem | Passenger | 1947 | 1968 |
See also: Great Eastern Train Ferries Ltd - Harwich
Acknowledgments
Compiled by George Robinson.